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恐惧的科学

 晚上一个人在家,你听到一声巨响。刹那间,你的心跳开始加速,肌肉紧张,呼吸加快。你立刻警觉起来,准备好对抗或逃离声音的来源,结果是一堆书从你一直想要修理的书架上掉下来。但在那一刻,你的大脑和身体都做出了反应,就好像你处于致命的危险之中。


恐惧是我们最强烈、最原始的情绪之一。这是一个非常糟糕的世界,害怕某些事情可以保护我们免受潜在的危险,以确保我们生存。一些进化上的恐惧根植于我们的大脑,但我们也可以在我们的一生中产生新的恐惧。作为孩子,我们了解让父母焦虑的原因,并且在经历负面经历后,我们也可能学会害怕某些事情。尽管如此,当很明显我们没有任何直接的危险时,我们大多数人都能够忽略我们的恐惧。我们可以从摩天大楼的顶部欣赏美景,而不必担心跌倒,或者在知道捕食者不会在夜间吞噬我们的情况下安全关灯。


然而,患有恐惧症的人会有过度的恐惧反应,这会导致身体和心理上的痛苦。这些极端恐惧分为三组:广场恐惧症、社交恐惧症和特定恐惧症。广场恐惧症通常被称为对开放空间的恐惧,但它适用于对任何难以逃脱的情况的恐惧,或者如果出现问题而无法获得帮助的情况。社交恐惧症是对与人互动或表演的强烈恐惧,而特定恐惧症是对特定情况、活动或事物的恐惧。这些非理性的恐惧会对日常生活造成重大干扰;有恐高症(极度恐高)的人可能会在尝试过桥时经历惊恐发作。根据他们恐惧症的触发因素,


恐惧症的原因并不总是很清楚,但许多病例与经历或目睹创伤性事件有关。例如,有人可能会在被咬后产生恐狗症——对狗的恐惧。但无论触发是理性的还是非理性的,一旦大脑记录到可怕的刺激,它就会激活战斗或逃跑反应,从而为身体做好准备。


我们为什么要尖叫?

尖叫是一种与生俱来的反射;这通常是你出生时做的第一件事。虽然我们也可能因为兴奋或快乐而尖叫,但它通常是一种痛苦的哭泣。纽约大学的研究人员使用脑部扫描进行了一项实验,以了解我们的大脑对尖叫的反应。当我们听正常语音时,我们听到的内容会被发送到听觉皮层进行处理,以便我们能够理解声音。


然而,研究表明,当我们听到尖叫声时,信号会直接发送到杏仁核,以激活大脑的恐惧反应。该团队还发现,“更粗暴”的尖叫声——那些改变音量更快的尖叫声——是最令人痛苦的。结果表明,尖叫是人类一种非常有效的交流方式。它们不仅有助于传达危险,还有助于使听到它们的人更加警觉。


吓死了

这不仅仅是一种比喻——事实证明你真的会被吓死。在飞行或反应过程中释放的肾上腺素可能会造成大量伤害;虽然只是看一些恐怖电影应该不足以造成任何伤害!这种压力荷尔蒙会促使心肌收缩,但如果你的身体释放过多的肾上腺素,你的心脏就无法再次放松。肾上腺素还会干扰调节心律的细胞,导致心律异常,这可能是致命的。


虽然不是直接致命的,但长时间的焦虑会对您的健康产生重大的负面影响。战斗或逃跑反应会抑制免疫系统,使您容易生病。定期进入生存模式会导致消化系统疾病,因为这种非必需系统被抑制。长期的压力也会通过破坏新陈代谢而导致体重问题;皮质醇水平升高会使身体对胰岛素的敏感性降低。持续紧张并准备行动的肌肉会导致头痛、僵硬和颈部疼痛。清单并不止于此。慢性焦虑也与心血管问题、哮喘和失眠有关。如此广泛的影响可能对身心健康都有害。