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自身免疫性疾病:身体如何攻击自己

 您的免疫系统每天都在拯救您的生命,在数十亿病原体能够伤害您之前将其击退。没有它,简单的刷牙行为可能会将致命的细菌量引入您的体内。话虽这么说,并不是每个人的免疫系统都完全站在他们这边。在某些情况下,为保护身体而构建的细胞被错误地编程为攻击身体组织。这被称为自身免疫并导致一系列症状和疾病。

已经发现了 80 多种不同的自身免疫性疾病,但其中许多都出现了相同的症状,因此诊断可能是一个漫长的过程。需要进行组合测试以排除其他可能性并确定某人正在遭受哪种疾病。虽然治疗无法治愈这些疾病,但它们通过平息自我毁灭性反应,帮助患有一种疾病的人生活得更容易忍受。这涉及最大限度地减少免疫系统发动攻击时出现的疼痛和炎症。保持健康的生活方式也有助于减轻症状以及这些疾病对个人生活的影响。这包括定期锻炼和均衡的饮食。

尽管这些疾病中的每一种都是由免疫系统的相同核心作用引起的,但症状范围很广。有些情况针对身体的特定部位,而其他情况几乎影响每个区域。一些自身免疫性疾病比其他疾病更使人衰弱。最常见的一种是 1 型糖尿病,仅在英国就有大约 400,000 人患有此病。在这种情况下,免疫系统专门针对胰腺中产生胰岛素的细胞。胰岛素是必不可少的,因为它可以帮助我们利用食物中的糖来获取能量,并将血糖保持在安全水平。

1 型糖尿病患者需要注射胰岛素,因为他们的身体无法产生胰岛素。更罕见的自身免疫性疾病更难诊断。阿什森综合征就是一个例子。这种疾病会导致全身迅速出现血栓。在最严重的情况下,几个小时内可能会形成几个凝块,并有全身器官衰竭的风险。由于受影响的区域范围广泛,症状很广泛,并且可能与其他疾病同时出现。自 1992 年被发现以来,只有 300 人被诊断出患有这种特殊的自身免疫性疾病,而关于为什么受攻击的细胞首先导致凝块的研究仍在进行中。

自身免疫性疾病违背了免疫系统的核心原则,让人们每天都在自己的身体里战斗。它们可以出现在任何人身上——无论年龄、性别或基因如何——但往往在女性中更常见,有些病例在家庭中发生。随着全球数百万人受到免疫系统功能障碍的影响,并且数量不断增加,关于这些复杂多样的人类疾病仍有很多需要了解。