A commonly quoted idea of chaos
theory is that a butterfly flapping
its wings in China can trigger
a hurricane in the US. Now, it
seems it is not colourful insects
but pollution in China that is
affecting global weather patterns.
Using climate models and
data collected over 30 years about
aerosols, fine particles of liquid
suspended in a gas, researchers at
Texas A&M University found air
pollution over Asia is impacting
global air circulations. Much of it
is coming from China.
“The models clearly show
that pollution originating from
Asia has an impact on the upper
atmosphere and it appears to
make storms or cyclones even
stronger,” Professor Renyi Zhang
explains. “This pollution affects
cloud formation, precipitation,
storm intensity and other factors,
and eventually impacts climate.
Most likely, pollution from Asia
can have important consequences
on the weather pattern over
North America.”
The boom in China’s
economy during the last 30
years has led to the building of
countless factories and power
plants that pump out huge
amounts of pollutants into
the atmosphere. Levels of air
pollution in some cities, such
as Beijing, are often more than
100 times higher than acceptable
limits set by the
World Health
Organization’s
standards.
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Cuttlefish camouflage copied
When it comes to hide and seek,
the cuttlefish has everyone beat.
The marine mollusc can change
the colour, pattern and texture of
its skin to blend in with almost
any environment, making it all
but invisible to predators. Now
a team of researchers at Harvard
University has moved a step closer
to unlocking the secrets of this
master of disguise, and potentially
creating better camouflage for
the military.
The cuttlefish’s skin is
loaded with neurally controlled,
pigmented organs called
chromatophores that allow it to
change its appearance in response
to visual cues. These were
previously thought to be simple
colour filters but the team has
discovered there is much more
going on.
In addition to these
chromatophores, cuttlefish skin
has two further layers of tiny
optical components that help
it disguise itself: light scatterers
named leucophores and light
reflectors named iridophores.
This layering enables the skin
of the animal to selectively
absorb or reflect light of
different colours, and so alter its
appearance.
“Nature solved the riddle
of adaptive camouflage a long
time ago. Now the challenge is
to reverse-engineer this system
in a cost-efficient, synthetic
system that is amenable to mass
manufacturing,” said Kevin Kit
Parker. “Throughout history,
people have dreamed of having
an ‘invisible suit’. Now it’s up to
us to replicate nature’s genius.”
As well as being used in
military camouflage, the team
says the findings could also
have applications in materials
for paints, cosmetics or even
consumer electronics.
the cuttlefish has everyone beat.
The marine mollusc can change
the colour, pattern and texture of
its skin to blend in with almost
any environment, making it all
but invisible to predators. Now
a team of researchers at Harvard
University has moved a step closer
to unlocking the secrets of this
master of disguise, and potentially
creating better camouflage for
the military.
The cuttlefish’s skin is
loaded with neurally controlled,
pigmented organs called
chromatophores that allow it to
change its appearance in response
to visual cues. These were
previously thought to be simple
colour filters but the team has
discovered there is much more
going on.
In addition to these
chromatophores, cuttlefish skin
has two further layers of tiny
optical components that help
it disguise itself: light scatterers
named leucophores and light
reflectors named iridophores.
This layering enables the skin
of the animal to selectively
absorb or reflect light of
different colours, and so alter its
appearance.
“Nature solved the riddle
of adaptive camouflage a long
time ago. Now the challenge is
to reverse-engineer this system
in a cost-efficient, synthetic
system that is amenable to mass
manufacturing,” said Kevin Kit
Parker. “Throughout history,
people have dreamed of having
an ‘invisible suit’. Now it’s up to
us to replicate nature’s genius.”
As well as being used in
military camouflage, the team
says the findings could also
have applications in materials
for paints, cosmetics or even
consumer electronics.
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